Como ya hemos visto en los dos artículos anteriores existe una posibilidad de minimizar los errores en la toma del GPS (http://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2017/09/estadistica-cartografica-el-centrado.html) y en la toma de datos de los distintos sensores de un Smartphone (o Tablet) (http://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2017/05/estadistica-cartografica.html).
Lo que nos quedaría ahora es establecer una metodología que nos permita englobar estos conceptos y, acto seguido, tendremos que pensar en una su aplicación práctica. Este último apartado se hará a través de una app en Android.
As we have already seen in the two previous articles, there is a possibility to minimize the errors in the GPS capture (http://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2017/09/estadistica-cartografica-el-centrado.html) and in the data collection of the different sensors of a Smartphone (or Tablet) (http://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2017/05/estadistica-cartografica.html).
What we would have left now is to establish a methodology that allows us to encompass these concepts and, next, we will have to think about its practical application. This last section will be done through an Android app.
What we would have left now is to establish a methodology that allows us to encompass these concepts and, next, we will have to think about its practical application. This last section will be done through an Android app.
Metodología para el GPS. / Methodology for GPS.
Con la intención de minimizar el error por desplazamiento (Véase el artículo dedicado al centrado: http://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2017/09/estadistica-cartografica-el-centrado.html) lo primero será, si fueran conocidas, corregir en el momento de las primeras lecturas de coordenadas, las coordenadas reales. Esto se puede hacer de una manera muy simple. Si se conocen las coordenadas reales de un punto moveremos las coordenadas obtenidas por el Smartphone a las coordenadas reales.
Esto se puede hacer de una forma precisa, por topografía, o aproximada, conociendo de antemano cual será el punto de inicio.
With the intention of minimizing the error by displacement (See the article dedicated to the centering: http://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2017/09/estadistica-cartografica-el-centrado.html) the first thing will be , if they were known, correct at the time of the first coordinates readings, the real coordinates. This can be done in a very simple way. If we know the real coordinates of a point we will move the coordinates obtained by the Smartphone to the real coordinates.
This can be done in a precise way, by topography, or approximate, knowing in advance what the starting point.
With the intention of minimizing the error by displacement (See the article dedicated to the centering: http://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2017/09/estadistica-cartografica-el-centrado.html) the first thing will be , if they were known, correct at the time of the first coordinates readings, the real coordinates. This can be done in a very simple way. If we know the real coordinates of a point we will move the coordinates obtained by the Smartphone to the real coordinates.
This can be done in a precise way, by topography, or approximate, knowing in advance what the starting point.
Supongamos la segunda opción. Estamos en Pontevedra y queremos empezar la toma de datos en un punto en concreto de la ciudad:
Let's suppose the second option. We are in Pontevedra and we want to start taking data at a specific point in the city:
Let's suppose the second option. We are in Pontevedra and we want to start taking data at a specific point in the city:
Utilizamos Google Earth, obteniendo para ese punto (esquina de la primera banda blanca del paso de peatones) las coordenadas UTM WGS84 (29T, 528608.36 m E, 4697816.93 m N) ó (42.432134°N, -8.652203°W).
Si la media de las primeras medidas fueran, por ejemplo, 42,432668ºN y -8,652058ºW) bastaría con ir restando el desplazamiento: 0,000534ºN y 0,000145ºW. Para minimizar lo más posible este error deberemos tomar muchas medidas de coordenadas sin movernos de este punto.
Use Google Earth, getting to that point (corner of the first white band crosswalk) UTM WGS84 coordinates (29T, 528608.36 m E 4697816.93 m N) or (N 42.432134 °, -8.652203 ° W).
If the average of the first measurements were, for example, 42.432668ºN and -8.652058ºW) it would suffice to subtract the displacement: 0.000534ºN and 0.000145ºW. To minimize this error as much as possible we must take many measurements of coordinates without moving from this point.
Use Google Earth, getting to that point (corner of the first white band crosswalk) UTM WGS84 coordinates (29T, 528608.36 m E 4697816.93 m N) or (N 42.432134 °, -8.652203 ° W).
If the average of the first measurements were, for example, 42.432668ºN and -8.652058ºW) it would suffice to subtract the displacement: 0.000534ºN and 0.000145ºW. To minimize this error as much as possible we must take many measurements of coordinates without moving from this point.
Creación de la cuadrícula. / Creating the grid.
El siguiente paso será establecer la cuadrícula. Para ello, si pensamos en metros, procederemos a marcar una cuadrícula en la que cada cuadro tenga unas dimensiones superiores al error del GPS, A partir de 10x10 metros será suficiente. Si quisiéramos tomar mediciones según una cuadrícula de 100x100 metros está claro que el error debido al GPS sería ínfimo en comparación.
The next step will be to establish the grid. To do this, if we think in meters, we will proceed to mark a grid in which each frame has dimensions larger than the GPS error, from 10x10 meters it will be enough. If we take measurements according to a grid of 100x100 meters it is clear that the error due to GPS would be negligible in comparison.
The next step will be to establish the grid. To do this, if we think in meters, we will proceed to mark a grid in which each frame has dimensions larger than the GPS error, from 10x10 meters it will be enough. If we take measurements according to a grid of 100x100 meters it is clear that the error due to GPS would be negligible in comparison.
En el siguiente dibujo hemos realizado una cuadrícula con el punto inicial (inferior izquierdo) con las coordenadas UTM WGS84 (29T, 528600,00 m E, 4697800,00 m N) y cada punto de intersección de la rejilla aumentando en 10 metros las coordenadas.
In the following drawing we have made a grid with the starting point (lower left) with the coordinates UTM WGS84 (29T, 528600.00 m E, 4697800.00 m N) and each point of intersection of the grid increasing the coordinates by 10 meters .
In the following drawing we have made a grid with the starting point (lower left) with the coordinates UTM WGS84 (29T, 528600.00 m E, 4697800.00 m N) and each point of intersection of the grid increasing the coordinates by 10 meters .
De esta manera, si las coordenadas obtenidas fueran WGS84 (29T, 528605,00 ± 5 m E, 4697805,00 ± 5m N) guardaríamos el dato de nuestro sensor en esa casilla. Vamos a funcionar como el sistema de cajas de seguridad de un banco.
Así pues en el ejemplo de la foto necesitaremos una matriz de 8x5 donde guardar los datos de nuestros sensores.
In this way, if the obtained coordinates were WGS84 (29T, 528605.00 ± 5 m E, 4697805.00 ± 5m N) we would save the data of our sensor in that box. We are going to function as a bank's safe deposit box system.
So in the example of the photo we will need an 8x5 matrix to store the data of our sensors.
En la siguiente foto se han marcado algunos de los valores de los subíndices de la futura matriz (A) de datos. a1,1, a2,1, a8,1,... a6,2, ... a4,4,... a1,8,... a8,8.
In the next photo some of the values of the subscripts of the future data matrix (A) have been marked. a1,1, a2,1, a8,1,... a6,2, ... a4,4,... a1,8,... a8,8.
In the next photo some of the values of the subscripts of the future data matrix (A) have been marked. a1,1, a2,1, a8,1,... a6,2, ... a4,4,... a1,8,... a8,8.
Metodología para la toma de datos / Methodology for data collection
Para la toma de datos empezaremos en primer lugar con la calibración y en segundo lugar con la recepción y archivo de datos
For the data collection we will start first with the calibration and secondly with the reception and data file
For the data collection we will start first with the calibration and secondly with the reception and data file
La calibración / The calibration
La única manera de calibrar una toma de medidas es comparativamente con un instrumento patrón. para ello crearemos un sistema de toma de datos y otro de contraposición con el real.
Tal como se explicara en el artículo anterior dedicado al centrado (https://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com/2017/09/estadistica-cartografica-el-centrado.html) propondre mos una relación entre una o varias mediciones comparadas entre resultados reales (instrumento patrón) y calculadas (smartphone). Esta relación podrá ser lineal, cuadrática,... directa o a través de un polinomio de aproximación por mínimos cuadrados.
The only way to calibrate a measurement is comparatively with a standard instrument. for this we will create a data collection system and another one in opposition to the real one. As explained in the previous article dedicated to the centering (https://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com/2017/09/estadistica-cartografica-el-centrado.html) we will propose a relationship between one or several comparative measurements between real results (standard instrument) and calculated results (smartphone). This relation can be linear, quadratic, ... direct or through a polynomial of approximation by least squares.
Hay que entender que, al igual que se explicara en el mencionado artículo, el resultado final será aproximado. En el ejemplo que se viera esos errores estaban en el entorno de 8dB, en el caso de una sola medida comparativa y un ajuste lineal hasta solo de 1dB en el caso de 8 puntos de comparación y un polinomio de aproximación de segundo grado.
It must be understood that, as explained in the aforementioned article, the final result will be approximate. In the example that was seen those errors were in the environment of 8dB, in the case of a single comparative measure and a linear adjustment to only 1dB in the case of 8 points of comparison and a polynomial of approximation of the second degree.
The only way to calibrate a measurement is comparatively with a standard instrument. for this we will create a data collection system and another one in opposition to the real one. As explained in the previous article dedicated to the centering (https://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com/2017/09/estadistica-cartografica-el-centrado.html) we will propose a relationship between one or several comparative measurements between real results (standard instrument) and calculated results (smartphone). This relation can be linear, quadratic, ... direct or through a polynomial of approximation by least squares.
Hay que entender que, al igual que se explicara en el mencionado artículo, el resultado final será aproximado. En el ejemplo que se viera esos errores estaban en el entorno de 8dB, en el caso de una sola medida comparativa y un ajuste lineal hasta solo de 1dB en el caso de 8 puntos de comparación y un polinomio de aproximación de segundo grado.
It must be understood that, as explained in the aforementioned article, the final result will be approximate. In the example that was seen those errors were in the environment of 8dB, in the case of a single comparative measure and a linear adjustment to only 1dB in the case of 8 points of comparison and a polynomial of approximation of the second degree.
La recepción y archivo de datos / The reception and data archiving
Ahora con todo lo dispuesto ya estamos en condiciones de realizar la toma de datos conjunta. Es decir, GPS y ruido (por ejemplo)
Now with all the provisions we are already able to perform the joint data collection. That is, GPS and noise (for example)
La toma de datos puede ser simplemente
andando, el GPS irá tomando datos y eligiendo la casilla (el elemento de la
matriz A (ai,j). Acto seguido se tomará el dato y en la casilla se irán
aportando estos valores. Para ello el elemento ai,j podría
ser una pila (o en programación una clase tipo lista). en esa pila con un
número de elementos indefinido podrían ir acumulándose los valores de ruido
registrado (y recalibrados).
Al final del ejercicio de lectura tendríamos una matriz de pilas (o en
lenguaje de programación, una variable tipo lista bidimensional)
The data collection can be simply by walking, the GPS will take data and choosing the box (the element of the matrix A (ai,j), then the data will be taken and in the box these values will be added. element ai, j could be a stack (or in programming a class type list) in that stack with an indefinite number of elements could accumulate the values of recorded noise (and recalibrated).
At the end of the reading exercise we would have a stack matrix (or in programming language, a variable type two-dimensional list)
Podríamos visualizarla, la matriz, de esta manera:
We could visualize it, the matrix, in this way:
We could visualize it, the matrix, in this way:
Donde el elemento a1,1 comprende la zona cuadrada de 10x10 m comprendida ente las coordenadas WGS84 (29T, 528605,00 ± 5 m E, 4697805,00 ± 5m N) , el elemento a2,1, WGS84 (29T, 528615,00 ± 5 m E, 4697805,00 ± 5m N) y así sucesivamente.
Where the element a1,1 comprises the square area of 10x10 m comprised between the coordinates WGS84 (29T, 528605.00 ± 5 m E, 4697805.00 ± 5m N), the element a2,1, WGS84 (29T, 528615,00 ± 5 m E, 4697805,00 ± 5m N) and so on.
Where the element a1,1 comprises the square area of 10x10 m comprised between the coordinates WGS84 (29T, 528605.00 ± 5 m E, 4697805.00 ± 5m N), the element a2,1, WGS84 (29T, 528615,00 ± 5 m E, 4697805,00 ± 5m N) and so on.
Si el lugar de leer los decibelios hubiéramos tomado el número de redes wifi tendíamos (traduciendo los valores de la pila de cada elemento de la matriz A por sus medias:
If instead of reading the decibels we had taken the number of wifi networks we tended (by translating the values of the stack of each element of matrix A by its means:
Véase artículo: https://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/the-discrete-gis-i-el-gis-discreto-i.html dedicado al gis-discreto.
See article: https://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/the-discrete-gis-i-el-gis-discreto-i.html dedicated to gis-discreto.
If instead of reading the decibels we had taken the number of wifi networks we tended (by translating the values of the stack of each element of matrix A by its means:
Véase artículo: https://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/the-discrete-gis-i-el-gis-discreto-i.html dedicado al gis-discreto.
See article: https://carreteras-laser-escaner.blogspot.com.es/2015/05/the-discrete-gis-i-el-gis-discreto-i.html dedicated to gis-discreto.
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